Here is the Nov. 5 story from the Cobb County Courier: Georgia Tech Professor Lewis Wheaton Wins Smyrna Ward 7 Council Seat
Lewis Wheaton, associate professor in the School of Biological Sciences, won a council seat in Smyrna Ward 7 after the Nov. 5 elections. He ran on supporting local schools, limiting density, and attracting retail businesses.
In Georgia Tech, Wheaton strives to improve the lives of upper-limb amputees through a deeper understanding of the relationship between the neurophysiology of motor learning and prosthesis adaptation. Since joining Georgia Tech in 2008, he has been directing the Cognitive Motor Control Lab, which aims to understand the neurophysiological processes associated with motor control of the upper limbs.
Wheaton has been leveraging his scientific expertise into community service. In Georgia Tech, he is co-director of Georgia Tech’s working group on Race and Racism in Contemporary Biomedicine.
In the state of Georgia, Wheaton is a Governor-appointed member of the State Rehabilitation Council. Mandated by the U.S. Congress, this council oversees the Georgia Vocational Rehabilitation Agency. In this capacity, Wheaton helps shape rehabilitation policy and management in the state of Georgia.
Wheaton will serve for four years, from Jan. 1, 2020, through Dec. 31, 2023. Meanwhile he will also serve the remaining term of his predecessor, who retired before the election, leaving the seat open.
In the accompanying video clip, Wheaton reflects on his election as follows:
You know, it's remarkable when you think of civic engagement and civic leadership and being a scientist, there are a lot of similarities. It's about being thoughtful. It's about having very clear purpose, having expectations, having goals, and even honestly, having hypotheses, right?
If you think about planning a particular community or thinking about planning a particular road in an area, you have to have an expectation that that road is actually going to be beneficial that’ll actually fit in. It's the same mindset that you do in science, right. You have a project; you have a thought; you think of how this could work, and you, based on those hypotheses, you execute.
Probably the biggest difference is that typically in city management those things are hard things; there are actually structures and things. In science, it doesn't always have to be a hard thing, so that'll be part of the fun.
But really, it's the same concepts. It’s the same ideas, and it's the same very thoughtful approach and really having an innovative approach that guides all of this.
First-year biology major Nabojeet Das has won quiz 8 of ScienceMatters Season 3.
Nabojeet is a first-year biology major from Tucker, Georgia. He says he chose to attend Georgia Tech because "it was closest to home and my cute Shih-Tzu, Zoey," shown with Nabojeet at right.
Although not yet engaged in research, Nabojeet currently has a federal work-study job as a student assistant in the Histology Core Lab of the Parker H. Petit Institue of Bioengineering and Bioscience. Outside of academics, Nabojeet enjoys spending time with friends and politics. He is a member of the Young Democratic Socialists of America at Georgia Tech and serves as an ambassador for the Explore LLC (Living Learning Community).
Nabojeet usually listens to ScienceMatters when working alone or during his commute. "I love the podcast," he says. "It blows my mind thinking about the global impact of professors – with whom I will eventually take classes – have made."
In addition, Nabojeet notes that ScienceMatters episodes are "not very long, which makes it super easy to fit into my schedule."
The quiz question for episode 8 was: What nutrient is pulled out of the air by plants thanks to microbes?
The correct answer is nitrogen.
Join the Quiz for Episode 9
Episode 9 features James "JC" Gumbart, an associate professor in the School of Physics, and his use of molecular dynamics simulations to chart the possible paths of molecules like proteins in hopes of finding solutions to problems like antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Here’s the quiz question for episode 9:
What is the term for abnormal protein buildups in the brain?
Submit answer by 5 PM on Monday, Nov 18.
Periodic table t-shirts, must-have beaker mugs, and textured posters perfect for dorm rooms are among the prizes offered to those who are picked at random from all submitting correct answers. Look for the challenge during each week’s new episode, dropping on Tuesdays from Sept. 17 to Nov. 19.
Editor's Note: This story by Victor Rogers was published first on Nov. 20, 2019, in the Georgia Tech News Center. It was slightly modified for the College of Sciences website.
Fall is yellow jacket season. Not football or basketball, but the time of year when colonies of yellow jackets — the insects — reach their maximum size. It’s also when Professor Michael Goodisman and the Goodisman Research Group collect their nests.
“We typically collect nests for a month or so beginning in late October, which is prime time for collecting. The colonies usually die off around Thanksgiving, and are completely dead by Christmas — although climate change may be moving the dates,” said Goodisman, associate professor and associate chair for Undergraduate Education in the School of Biological Sciences.
Humans usually cross paths with the yellow jackets’ underground nests a couple of times a year. The first is between April and June, when people tend to mow their lawns frequently. The second is fall, when it’s time to rake leaves.
“Yellow jackets are particularly aggressive this time of year,” said Goodisman, whose team collects the insects alive, albeit somewhat sedated. The underground nests typically have a single hole, about the size of a silver dollar, for entering and exiting.
“We pour a little bit of anesthetic into the hole. It does the same thing to them that it does to us — it knocks them out,” Goodisman said. “Then we try to dig up the nest very quickly before they come to. We pull the nest out and bring it back to the lab.”
When collecting nests, Goodisman and the team wear beekeepers’ uniforms with long pants underneath for additional protection. Yellow jackets are aggressive and will push their way through air holes in the pith helmets, so the researchers cover them with tape to keep the insects out.
“I have had that happen to me, and it’s no fun at all!” said Goodisman. “If there’s an opening, they will find it and get in.”
Studying Yellow Jacket Behavior
The Goodisman Research Group is studying yellow jackets to learn about highly social behavior.
“Yellow jackets are an example of some of the most extreme and impressive social behavior that you will see in any animal, even more so than in humans,” Goodisman said. “Their social structure is similar to honeybees in that they typically have a single queen, though not always. She produces a bunch of selfless workers that work until the colony succeeds.”
The researchers are also interested in studying multiyear super colonies. Nests usually last only one season, from May to December. But when temperatures are mild, a colony can survive the winter and become massive the next year.
“We have seen this in New Zealand, Australia, and South Africa. We’re starting to see it in Florida, South Alabama, and California — super colonies the size of a car,” Goodisman said.
These changes bring up other questions, such as, are yellow jackets facing the same environmental threats as honeybees?
“The short answer is we don’t know. There’s no one studying yellow jackets the same way they’re studying honeybees,” Goodisman said. “But not all of the things that affect honeybees will affect yellow jackets.”
Honeybees have been partially domesticated and bred for successful pollination, reduced aggression, and increased honey production. Unfortunately, domestication often has unwanted side effects. For example, domesticated honeybees may display fewer behavioral defenses against parasites than feral honeybees as a consequence of the domestication process.
“Yellow jackets don’t really have that. We don’t associate yellow jackets with having a lot of diseases. They still could be subjected to pesticides, but it’s not really known,” Goodisman said.
It’s hard to tell if there has been a decrease in the yellow jacket population based on the calls the Goodisman Research Group receives.
“There has been no systematic survey that I know of,” he said. “I think a widespread survey over many years would be interesting.”
Go (Yellow) Jackets!
Goodisman’s interest in insects began when he was a child in Syracuse, New York.
“There are yellow jackets in Syracuse and all across North America, from Mexico to Alaska,” he said — indeed, they can be found all across the northern hemisphere. They are one of the most common and successful social insects.
“They’re great fun, as you might imagine. They have a lot of personality,” he said. “It’s exhilarating when you’re trying to pull them out of the ground or get them out of the house.”
His undergraduate research at Cornell University included work with insects, and he did his doctoral thesis at the University of Georgia on fire ants.
While at UGA he saw fire ants in a tray in the lab, and he thought it was “so cool.” But his work with yellow jackets didn’t start until he did postdoctoral work in Australia.
“There was some interesting research being done on invasive yellow jackets in Australia and New Zealand. I’ve been working on yellow jackets well before I came to Georgia Tech.”
It was purely coincidental that Goodisman became a professor at Georgia Tech, home of the Yellow Jackets. But it still causes the occasional raised eyebrow when he tells people about his research.
“People do a double take and ask if I’m at Tech because of my yellow jacket research. They ask if I have a yellow jacket professorship, or if I’m the ‘Chair of Yellow Jacket Research.’ It’s always a fun conversation, especially with Georgia Tech alumni.”
NOTE: Free yellow jacket nest removal. Nests will be used for research in the School of Biological Sciences. E-mail michael.goodisman@biology.gatech.edu to arrange a pickup.
Nalini Polavarapu is the chief of data science strategy of a Fortune 500 pharmaceutical. Sadaf Kazi is a research scientist helping to improve the safety of health care systems. Ryan Hynd and Denise Okafor found themselves in academic careers close to the degree they earned at Georgia Tech. Colin Blenis and Jayda Nail used their Georgia Tech science education to enter medical professions.
All of them used their College of Sciences degrees to make a difference in their professions. For some, that path took a turn because of what they learned about science – and themselves – at Georgia Tech. Six College of Sciences alumni share their memories of life at Georgia Tech, the lessons they learned that they applied in their careers, and what they would tell current students about how to make the most of their time in the College of Sciences.
On the heels of the 2019 Ig Nobel Prize in Physics, two more awards have been bestowed on David Hu, professor in the Schools of Mechanical Engineering and of Biological Sciences, adjunct professor in the School of Physics, and researcher in the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience. The American Institute of Physics (AIP) selected Hu as co-winner of the book award for its 2019 Science Communication Awards. Organizers of China’s Pineapple Science Prizes have named Hu this year’s winner of the physics prize.
Understanding Animal Locomotion
AIP’s annual awards recognize journalists, authors, reporters and other diverse writers for their efforts in science communication.
Hu’s “How to Walk on Water and Climb Up Walls,” published by Princeton University Press, is one of two winners of AIP’s 2019 book award. “Hu’s book explores the astounding diversity and versatility of animal locomotion and how engineers are inspired by it as they design robotics. His team discovered how dogs shake dry, how insects walk on water, and how eyelashes protect the eyes from drying,” AIP said in a press release.
“A lot of people ask me where I get my ideas. I like to study things that relate to everyday life,” Hu told AIP. “I get inspiration from raising my children. From a diaper change with my son, I was inspired to study urination. From watching my daughter being born, I was inspired by her long eyelashes.”
According to AIP, “Judges praised Hu’s book for featuring an interdisciplinary group of scientists working the front lines of their fields.”
“I am honored to receive this award and to join the line of science communicators who have been recognized since the 1960s,” Hu says. “I was diligent about getting a diverse representation of scientists in my book, and I interviewed more than 30 scientists over three years to get that feeling. I think it takes a range of approaches to understand nature, and I wanted to convey that to the reader.”
Sparking Public Enthusiasm for Science
Meanwhile in China, organizers of the Pineapple Science Prize have named Hu the winner of the 2019 prize for physics. The prize recognizes researchers whose great imagination arouses the public’s enthusiasm for science. This is Hu’s third Pineapple Science Prize.
In 2015, Hu received the Pineapple Science Prize in physics for the work “Mosquitoes survive raindrop collisions by virtue of their low mass.” The insects “have extremely strong exoskeletons and are good at tai chi, dropping a little with the raindrop to discharge the force,” Hu said at the time.
The discovery explains how small insects such as mosquitoes survive outdoors where air is moving fast or heavy rain is pouring. The finding suggests that the smaller an organism is, the stronger it is, Hu said. “They have some unforeseen advantages that really can't get destroyed even if you hit [them] very hard."
In 2016, Hu won again, this time in biology, for the work “Cleanliness is next to godliness,” about the mechanisms animals use to keep clean. In particular, why do flies rub their legs? They use the hair on their legs to brush off the dirt on their bodies. This mechanism could be used to keep solar panels clean, Hu said at the time.
This month, Hu returned to China to collect the 2019 Pineapple Science Prize in physics. The award is for the work “Cats use hollow papillae to wick saliva into fur,” which explains the workings of cats’ tongues.
“This work shows that cats clean their bodies using the hollow spines on their tongue,” Hu says. His team 3D scanned and 3D printed the spines on the cat’s tongue and imbedded them into a bioinspired hairbrush. “The brush experiences lower grooming forces and could be used to apply medications or hair products directly to hair with a minimum of water or product. It is by using these spines that cats can groom with only two tablespoons of saliva per day,” Hu says, whereas humans use 10 liters of water for a shower.
"Without awards like these, curiosity and science-minded thinking can be blown to smithereens by political winds."
Keeping Curiosity Alive
“The judges at the Ig Nobels, AIP, and the Pineapple Science Prizes are encouraging curiosity and enjoyment of science by the general public,” Hu says. “Curiosity is like a flame. It can be easily snuffed out if not encouraged. Without awards like these, curiosity and science-minded thinking can be blown to smithereens by political winds.”
Hu adds: “I am glad that China is taking care of the next generation of scientists by keeping their award alive. It’s good for China to be seen by the world as having a sense of humor.” Hu donned a giant cat costume at the award ceremony in China on Oct. 26.
Hu couldn’t have done all this work just by himself. “Two Ig Nobel Prizes and three Pineapple Science Prizes wouldn’t be possible without my great group of Georgia Tech graduate students and undergraduates who volunteered to be urinated on by elephants, bitten by mosquitoes, and licked by cats,” Hu adds.
Hu earned a doctorate in mathematics and a bachelor’s degree in mechanical engineering from Massachusetts Institute of Technology. He is a recipient of the National Science Foundation CAREER award for young scientists. Hu’s work has been featured in The Economist, The New York Times, Saturday Night Live, and Highlights for Children. He is originally from Rockville, Maryland.
When the National Science Foundation and the Simons Foundation launched the Research Centers for Mathematics of Complex Biological Systems (MathBioSys) initiative two years ago, the idea was to bring two distinct disciplines together to enable creative, collaborative research, and ultimately to develop the next generation of researchers who would work seamlessly at interdisciplinary crossroads—researchers like Kelimar Diaz.
Diaz is a Ph.D. student in the Quantitative Biosciences (QBios) program at Georgia Tech, and part of the first wave of junior researchers in the Southeast Center for Mathematics and Biology at Tech, one of the four research centers funded by the NSF and Simons. She’s working in the lab of Dan Goldman, professor of physics, member of the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience and a team lead at SCMB. Diaz is exactly the kind of trainee that SCMB and the national endeavor needs, exemplifying the kind of interdisciplinary acuity necessary to do innovative research at the intersection of mathematics and molecular, cellular, and organismal biology.
Diaz comes by her wide-ranging interests naturally. Growing up in Puerto Rico, she used to follow her father around on his small farm, surrounded by animals and plants, “learning as much as I could,” she says. “Over time, I was convinced that I would eventually pursue undergraduate studies in biology.
“However, this plan changed abruptly when I took my first physics course in 12th grade,” Diaz added. “Physics felt like my ‘calling,’ but living systems remained at the core of what I care most passionately about. When it came to applying to graduate school, it seemed like an obvious choice: to join a Physics Ph.D. program with faculty that carry out research of physics of living systems.”
That made Goldman’s biomechanics lab and the QBioS program perfect fits for her interests. “Tackling biosciences questions with quantitative approaches is intuitive to me,” she says, adding that the SCMB is taking the integrative approach to another level. “Collaborating with people that have a background in math can bridge gaps between biology and math to develop and use mathematical tools to study underlying processes in biology. This is an opportunity to drive both fields forward. As math is further developed to study biology, a repertoire of tools will be available for researchers to use in the biomedical field.”
Diaz sees herself as part of the vanguard in one of the newest interdisciplinary approaches to understanding the depth and breadth of living systems. And she’s got some good company in the first cohort of SCMB junior researchers, an international group of eager, talented young investigators, like Margherita Maria Ferrari, a postdoctoral researcher from Italy with a classical mathematical training in analytics and statistics.
“During my Ph.D., I went to a conference and met a professor who was giving a talk about mathematics applied to biological processes and chemical processes, which I thought was very interesting, and unexpected,” says Ferrari, who had not been exposed to this kind of integrative research before. “I learned that there were people using tools that I was familiar with, but in a completely different research area.”
So after earning her Ph.D., she sought opportunities that would satisfy her growing interest in this kind of integrative research, and found her current post in the lab of Nataša Jonoska, professor at the University of South Florida and an SCMB team lead.
Ferrari, Diaz, and their fellow junior researchers had a chance to gather and formally meet each other, along with the fourteen faculty team leads and administrators of SCMB, at a center-wide meeting held on September 13 on the Georgia Tech campus. “It was nice to meet all the other researchers and have the chance to give informal presentations of our projects, and to really get an idea of what the center is doing, up close,” Ferrari said.
While the meeting at Tech provided a way for SCMB members to meet and work in person—and a number of junior researchers bonded on Tech’s leadership challenge course while on campus—they’ve been gathering on a regular basis virtually since the center was launched last year. Since this is a center comprised of institutions from across the Southeast, they meet monthly; Georgia Tech personnel gather in one room, and everyone else joins via video conference.
“It was fantastic to have everybody in one space, to hear directly from the junior researchers about the progress of each seed project,” said Annalise Paaby, an SCMB team lead and assistant professor of Biological Sciences at Tech, and a researcher in the Petit Institute. Each project is a collaboration between a faculty member and a trainee from the math side, and a faculty member and trainee from the bio side. “The seed projects have been cooking for a while now, and the trainee pairs gave short, pecha kucha style research reports—so we had a lot of fun with questions and discussion.”
For Kelimar Diaz, SCMB and its interdisciplinary opportunities represents the new leading edge of bioresearch, and will help provide a roadmap for her own future.
“I have not decided what kind of career path to take after I finish my Ph.D., but I believe that the way things are structured in SCMB, I will end up with a repertoire of skills that will allow me to pursue the career of my choosing,” she says. “I am contributing to driving biology and math forward. The Center and all of its members are advancing our knowledge of the living world quantitatively, while providing insight to biological applications and expanding math.”
Meet the first class of SCMB junior researchers who will be advancing that knowledge:
Hector Baños earned his bachelor degree in applied mathematics at Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro in Mexico, then earned a master’s degree in mathematics and statistics at then his Ph.D. in mathematics the University of Alaska (Fairbanks). Now a postdoctoral researcher in the lab of Christine Heitsch, mathematics professor at Georgia Tech and director of the SCMB (and also a Petit Institute researcher), he’s working on an SCMB seed project called “RNA structural ensembles in evolution,” a collaboration between Heitsch and Annalise Paaby, assistant professor in the School of Biological Sciences at Tech. As he and his fellow researchers work to uncover the processes behind evolution in the species and molecular levels, he’ll work on models for secondary structure inference.
Keisha Cook earned a bachelor’s degree in mathematics at the University of Alabama, where she stayed on to earn both a master’s and Ph.D. in applied mathematics. Now a postdoctoral researcher in the lab of Scott McKinley at Tulane University, she’s working on a SCMB seed project entitled “Stochastic modeling in cellular internalization and transport,” a collaboration between McKinley and the lab of Christine Payne at Duke University. “My ultimate research goal is to become well versed in many applications of mathematics and cell biology, in order to teach mathematics students how to speak the language of a scientist,” said Keisha, who will analyzing particle tracking data (collected in the Payne Lab) using probabilistic and statistical methods to provide greater insight into the functions of intracellular particle motion.
Daniel Cruz, who earned both his bachelor’s degree (mathematics with a minor in computer science) and Ph.D. (mathematics) at the University of South Florida, is now a postdoctoral researcher at Georgia Tech, though his primary advisor is Elena Dimitrova, currently at California Polytechnic State University but until recently at Clemson University. His SCMB seed project is a collaboration between Dimitrova and Petit Institute researcher Melissa Kemp, associate professor of biomedical engineering at Georgia Tech, and it’s entitled “Modeling emergent patterning within pluripotent colonies through Boolean canalizing functions.” He’s primarily interested in using discrete models to understand how self-assembly and self-organization arises from molecular and/or cellular interactions. “I’m a math postdoc studying how boolean networks and other discrete models can improve our understanding of pattern and structure formation resulting from the differentiation of pluripotent colonies,” he said.
Kelimar Diaz earned her bachelor degree in physics at the University of Puerto Rico (Rio Piedras campus). Now, as a Ph.D. student based in the lab of Dan Goldman, professor in the School of Physics at Georgia Tech, she’s working on an SCMB seed project called “Optimization of limbless locomotion via algebraic kinematics,” a collaboration between Goldman and Greg Blekherman at Georgia Tech. She plans to satisfy her interest in biomechanics an locomotion by exploring undulatory locomotion across length scales to understand control principles.
Margherita Maria Ferrari, a postdoctoral researcher, earned an undergraduate degree and a master’s degree in mathematics at Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia in Italy, and her Ph.D. in mathematical models and methods in engineering at Politecnico di Milano. Based in the lab of Nataša Jonoska at the University of South Florida, her SCMB seed project, “Discrete and topological models for DNA-RNA interactions,” is a collaboration between that group and the lab of Petit Institute researcher biologyFrancesca Storici, an associate professor of biology at Georgia Tech. My goal is to develop and apply mathematical tools to advance our understanding of biological and chemical processes,” she said. “My role is modeling RNA structure formation and R-loop structures, which we feel will help us in describing the process of DNA double-strand break repair.”
Gemechis Degaga, who earned his Ph.D. in theoretical chemistry at Michigan Technological University, is currently based at Oak Ridge National Laboratory in the lab of Julie Mitchell, director of the Biosciences Division. His SCMB seed project, entitled “Identifying disorder-to-order transitions in post-translationally modified proteins,” is a collaboration between Mitchell and the lab of Matt Torres, associate professor in the School of Biological Sciences at Georgia Tech (and a Petit Institute researcher). “My main research interest involves the use of machine learning models to understand protein folding,” he said, describing his role in the project as building “generative adversarial artificial neural networks to learn, predict, and generate new protein sequences which form beta-hairpin secondary structure.”
Youngkyu Jeon, who earned a bachelor of science in life sciences at Korea University, is a Ph.D. student currently based in the lab of Francesca Storici, associate professor in the School of Biological Sciences at Georgia Tech. He contributes to the seed project on DNA-RNA interactions with Storici, Jonoska and Ferrari. The goal is to understand the topology of RNA-mediated DNA modification and/or repair, which Youngkyu is studying through experiments based on mathematical modeling.
Wei Li, a postdoctoral researcher in the lab of Matt Torres at Georgia Tech, earned her Ph.D. from Wake Forest University. She’s contributing to the SCMB seed project on protein disorder-to-order transitions with Torres, Mitchell and Degaga. Wei’s role is to test candidate proteins using experimental spectroscopic methods, testing for impacts on biological function.
Bo Lin, who earned a Ph.D. in mathematics at the University of California-Berkeley, is now a postdoctoral researcher in the lab of Greg Blekherman, associate professor of mathematics at Georgia Tech, where he’s working on the SCMB seed project on limbless locomotion with Blekherman, Goldman and Diaz. Basically, Lin is using his expertise in math to analyze data generated from biological experiments.
Eunbi Park, who earned her undergraduate degree in agricultural science from Kyungpook National University in Korea, is now Park a Ph.D. student in Bioinformatics at Georgia Tech in the lab of associate professor of Biomedical Engineering, contributing to the seed project on modeling emergent patterning within pluripotent colonies with Kemp, Dimitrova, and Cruz. Park collects fluorescent microscopy images of live, dividing stem cells, generating time-lapse movies that capture the behavioral dynamics of the cells. With the input of Cruz and Dimitrova, she is using agent-based models to define that behavior mathematically.
Nathan Rayens earned two bachelor degrees at Miami University: one in mechanical engineering and manufacturing engineering, and another in music. Now a Ph.D. student in mechanical engineering and materials science, he’s based in the lab of Christine Payne at Duke University. Now he is working with Payne, McKinley and Cook on the seed project modeling cellular internalization and transport. Rayens said, “this is the first time I’ve been involved in biological research, so my current goal is to learn as much as I can. I’m currently working on analyzing cell samples incubated with and without TiO2 to evaluate lysosome trajectories and see the effect of nanoparticles on cell transport.”
Ashleigh Thomas, who earned an undergraduate degree in electrical engineering and math at the University of Pennsylvania, got her master’s and Ph.D. in mathematics at Duke University. Now based in the lab of Peter Bubenik at the University of Florida, she’s working on an SCMB seed project entitled, “Topological data analysis to understand genetic control of morphological phenotype,” a collaboration between Bubenik and Hang Lu, professor in the School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Georgia Tech.
Ling Wang, who earned both her bachelor and master’s degrees in biological science at Georgia State University, is a Ph.D. researcher in the lab of Annalise Paaby, assistant professor in the School of Biological Sciences at Georgia Tech. Her work is in collaboration with Paaby, Heitsch, and Baños on the RNA folding seed project. Wang’s ultimate research interest is in combining computational and biological approach to study how RNA folding structure matters in biological evolution and she’s currently working with Paaby, “to design experiments to test if RNA’s secondary structure will have an impact on early-stop codon readthrough, and ultimately determine its impacts on biological functions.”
Keren Zhang earned his undergraduate degree in chemical engineering at the University of California-Berkeley. Now he’s a Ph.D. student in the lab of Hang Lu at Georgia Tech, where he’s working with Lu, Bubenik and Thomas on the seed project studying morphological phenotype with topological analysis. Zhang’s goal is to establish pipeline methods to quantify the developmental plasticity in the C. elegans connectome.
A College of Sciences staff member, Chung Kim, has won quiz 6 of ScienceMatters Season 3. Chung is an academic program coordinator in the School of Biological Sciences.
Chung has worked in higher education for the past six years. She has served a advisor for study-abroad programs and for international admission. In the School of Biological Sciences, she serves as academic advisor for graudate students, particularly in the programs for applied physiology, biology, and ocean science and engineering.
Originally from Seoul, South Korea, Chung grew up in Korea, the U.S. and India. She moved to Georgia with her husband in 2012.
"I listened to the ScienceMatters episode 6 podcast in my office during one of my lunch breaks," Chung says. "It's fun to learn about the diverse areas of research within our College."
The quiz question for episode 6 was: What is the type of brain injury where one knows how to perform an action but can't do it?
The correct answer is ideomotor apraxia.
Join the Quiz for Episode 7
Episode 7 features Carlos Silva and his research into the next generation of semiconductors for electronic devices.
Here’s the quiz question for episode 7:
What particle is made up of an electron and an electron hole?
Submit answer here by 5 PM on Monday, Nov 4.
Periodic table t-shirts, must-have beaker mugs, and textured posters perfect for dorm rooms are among the prizes for winners, who are picked at random from all submitting correct answers. Look for the challenge during each week’s new episode, dropping on Tuesdays from Sept. 17 to Nov. 19.
The 2019 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded jointly to William G. Kaelin Jr., Sir Peter J. Ratcliffe, and Gregg L. Semenza “for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability.” Kaelin is a professor at Harvard Medical School. Ratcliffe is the director of clinical research at Francis Crick Institute in London. Semenza is a professor at the Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine.
Much of the life on Earth that we humans experience uses oxygen to convert food – carbohydrates, fats, and proteins – into energy to drive life’s processes. In complex, multicellular organisms, including humans, cells in various tissues and organs experience different levels of oxygen, says Amit Reddi, an assistant professor in the School of Chemistry. “As a consequence, every cell must have the ability to sense oxygen and adapt metabolism to changes in oxygen levels.”
Kaelin, Ratcliffe, and Semenza contributed to figuring out exactly how cells sense and respond to oxygen. “Their work has had profound implications for modern medicine, including understanding and treating various cancers, where cells may no longer synchronize energy metabolism to oxygen levels, as well as a number of vascular diseases, where oxygen transport is no longer efficient,” Reddi says. “I’m thrilled for the new Nobel laureates.”
Reddi was an NIH Ruth L. Kirchstein postdoctoral fellow at Johns Hopkins University where Semenza is a faculty member. He says he often found inspiration from Semenza's studies on oxygen sensing, which guided his thinking on new conceptual paradigms for how life copes with oxygen.
Part of Reddi’s research is related to how reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are all derived from oxygen, can themselves signal metabolic changes in cells. “Our work is focused on how certain ROS are made and how they can be used to signal changes in metabolism and physiology,” Reddi says. “Because all ROS originate from oxygen, we believe that another layer of oxygen sensing is through the production and sensing of certain ROS.”
The Nobel Prize winners discovered how cells adapt to changes in oxygen level, particularly in low-oxygen conditions, says Young Jang, an assistant professor in the School of Biological Sciences. “Their discoveries laid the foundation for our understanding of how cells generate energy, make new blood cells, and how cancer cells grow.”
Jang’s research on stem cell metabolism and aging is directly related to oxygen sensing. Normally, mitochondria – the powerhouse of the cell – uses oxygen to generate ATP, the cell’s fuel. But in aged cells, regulation of oxygen is altered and mitochondria generate ROS. Excess ROS production and oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA/RNA are key culprits that cause cellular aging, Jang says.
Briefly, Jang overlapped with Kaelin in Harvard. He recalls that Kaelin’s lab “was interested in knowing whether oxygen sensing and metabolic changes can be communicated from one organ to another. He wanted to use parabiosis to test his idea.” Parabiosis is the physical joining of two individuals enabling cells, tissues, and organs to communicate through blood. It is another research area for Jang.
“I am very happy for Dr. Kaelin and his cowinners,” Jang says.
The National Institutes of Health know a good investment when they see one, and they definitely see one in Joe Lachance, researcher in the Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience at the Georgia Institute of Technology. And to prove it, the NIH recently granted Lachance an R35 Maximizing Investigators’ Research Award (MIRA).
The grant, valued at $1.88 million over five years, will support Lachance’s research strategy, which includes the analysis of ancient and modern genomes, mathematical modeling, and the development of new bioinformatics tools.
Lachance, whose research bridges the gap between evolutionary genetics and genetic epidemiology, is motivated by several questions: How have hereditary disease risks evolved in the recent past? What sorts of genetic architectures are more likely to result in health inequities? How can genomic medicine be extended to people with different ancestries?
“We’ve taken an evolutionary perspective toward genetic medicine and global health,” says Lachance, assistant professor in the School of Biological Sciences, whose research is directly related to the NIH’s All of Us initiative.
The R35 MIRA program was designed to increase the stability of funding for NIGMS-supported investigators like Lachance, improving their ability to take on ambitious projects and take more creative approaches to biomedical problems.
“This grant, I think, demonstrates great confidence in our approach to the research,” Lachance said. “It enables us to devote more our time and energy on doing the actual science and developing the next generation of researchers.”
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